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In grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject, for example, "I wash myself". More generally, a reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object). For example, the English verb ''to perjure'' is reflexive, since one can only perjure ''oneself''. In a wider sense, the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a reflexive pronoun, regardless of semantics; such verbs are also referred to as pronominal verbs, especially in grammars of the Romance languages. There are languages that have explicit morphology or syntax to transform a verb into a reflexive form. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English ''-self'' (e.g., "She ''threw herself'' to the floor.") English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in "self-destruct". ==Indo-European languages== Romance and Slavic languages make extensive use of reflexive verbs and reflexive forms. In the Romance languages, there are non-emphatic clitic reflexive pronouns and emphatic ones. In Spanish, for example, the particle ''se'' encliticizes to the verb's infinitive, gerund, and imperative (''lavarse'' "to wash oneself"), while in Romanian, the particle procliticizes to the verb (''a se spăla'' "to wash oneself"). Full reflexive pronouns or pronominal phrases are added for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity: ''Me cuido a mí mismo'' "I take care of myself" (''mismo'' combines with the prepositional form of the pronoun ''mí'' to form an intensive reflexive pronoun). The enclitic reflexive pronoun ''sa''/''se''/''si''/''się'' is used in Western and South Slavic languages, while Eastern Slavic languages use the suffix -''sja'' (-ся). There is also the non-clitic emphatic pronoun ''sebja''/''себя'', used to emphasize the reflexive nature of the act; it is applicable only to "true" reflexive verbs, where the agent performs a (transitive) action on itself. The Slavic languages use the same reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers, while the Romance and North Germanic ones have a special third person pronoun that cliticizes and the other Germanic ones do as well without cliticizing. This is here in the following table for the word "to recall" (e.g., ''Je me souviens'' means "I recall", ''Tu te souviens'' means "You recall", and so on). In all of these language groups, reflexive forms often present an obstacle for foreign learners〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Reflexive Verbs: An Introduction )〕 (notably native speakers of English, where the feature is practically absent) due to the variety of uses. Even in languages which contain the feature, it is not always applicable to the same verbs and uses (although a common subset can be generally extracted, as outlined below). For example, the Spanish reflexive construct "''se hundió el barco''" ("the boat sank") has no reflexive equivalent in some Slavic languages (which use an intransitive equivalent of ''sink''), though for example Czech and Slovak do use a reflexive verb: "loď se potopila"/"loď sa potopila". Reflexive verbs can have a variety of uses and meanings, which often escape consistent classification. Some language-common identified uses are outlined below.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=On Impersonal se / się in Slavic )〕 For example, Davies et al.〔 identify 12 uses for Spanish reflexive constructions, while Vinogradov divides Russian reflexive verbs into as many as 16 groups. Martin Haspelmath also has a useful distinction between the reflexive types mentioned below, which he calls introverted reflexives, and so called extroverted reflexives, which are used for verbs that are usually not reflexive, like hate oneself, love oneself, hear oneself, and kill oneself. Some Indo-European languages have a different reflexive morpheme for extroverted reflexives. For example, see how the Russian ненавидеть себя (nenavidet' sebja) "to hate oneself", which uses a reflexive pronoun, compares to мыться (myt'-sja) "to wash (oneself)", which uses a reflexive suffix (Russian can also say мыть себя (myt' sebja), with a reflexive pronoun, but only when the pronoun needs to be stressed for emphasis or contrast). Or Dutch haat zichzelf "hates herself", versus wast zich "washes (herself)". The distinction exists similarly in English, where introverted reflexive verbs usually have no reflexive pronoun, unlike extroverted. In ancient Greek, the introverted reflexive was expressed using the middle voice rather than a pronoun. Similarly, in modern Greek, it is expressed using the middle usage of the passive voice. On the other hand, the extroverted reflexive was a true reflexive in ancient Greek and modern Greek. Similarly Claire Moyse-Faurie distinguishes between middle and reflexive in Oceanic languages in her on-line articles about reflexives in Oceanic languages. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reflexive verb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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